MAPK3 and prostate carcinoma: Boo et al. (2013) studied the anticancer effect of fucoidan obtained from Undaria pinnatifida in PC-3 cells and revealed that fucoidan treatment induces intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways via the activation of ERK1/2 MAPK, the inactivation of p38 MAPK and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and the downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in PC-3 prostate cancer cells [222].