TSPO and infection: However, neural injury or pathogen infection lead to the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the brain tissue [20], which can be recognized by relevant receptors on the surface of microglial cells, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), translocation protein 18 kDa (TSPO), myeloid triggering receptor 2 (TREM2), receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and CC chemokine 2 receptor (CCR2), etc. [20,21,22,23].