Moreover, elevated VCAM-1 levels were also observed in the brain endothelium of AD mice [211], suggesting that neuro-inflammation mediated by leukocyte infiltration could be attenuated via the use of antibody-conjugated NPs that block VCAM-1, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 in the brain vasculature. The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.