Interestingly, PEDF has been shown to have an anti-fibrotic effect in a chemically induced liver fibrosis model, so it cannot be excluded that the TGF-β-induced PEDF expression observed in both SSc and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may represent an attempt to negatively feedback the fibrotic process [44]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINF1 and pulmonary fibrosis.