Related to upper urinary tract infections, these might be caused by the reflux of bacteria from the lower urinary tract in the absence of renal abscess, renal papillary necrosis or renal emphysematous pyelonephritis, as long as asymptomatic bacteriuria in the lower urinary tract was associated with diabetes and it could be aggravated by increased glycosuria caused by SGLT2 inhibitors [46]. Here, SLC5A2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.