Furthermore, only the IL-1β levels in the bronchial secretions were elevated in the VAP patients compared to the non-VAP patients (* p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA,) with the IL-1β levels being higher in the non-MDR-VAP patients compared to those infected with MDR microorganisms (* p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, Table 4). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is ventilator-associated pneumonia.