In this regard, Frey et al. [22] reported that among 106 CF patients, those with a less diverse microbiota—dominated by pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa—exhibited higher levels of inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in sputum and a significantly lower FEV1, compared with patients whose microbiota was more diverse. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and cystic fibrosis.