CXCL12 and glioblastoma: Moreover, CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling upregulates survival via the MED/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, giving rise to cell-cycle progression and EMT in multiple tumors, for example, in human sacral chondrosarcoma [43], in glioblastoma [44], and in hepatocellular carcinoma [45].