INS and metabolic syndrome: Insulin resistance was observed in metabolic syndrome rats, with significant increases in fasting blood glucose (121.16 ± 1.95 mg/dL), fasting serum insulin (258.66 ± 27.26 μU/mL), and HOMA-IR (74.58 ± 9.72) and decreased adiponectin levels (29.72 ± 3.03 ng/mL) compared to normal rats (95.00 ± 2.59 mg/dL, 117.29 ± 14.16 μU/mL, 25.29 ± 1.95, and 66.62 ± 2.87 ng/mL) (p < 0.05).