Consequently, based on our WGCNA analysis, we predicted that hub lncRNAs, including Gm15446, Adh6-ps1, and Tmem181b-ps, which were co-expressed with hub mRNAs such as Tsc2 might contribute to PM2.5-induced NAFLD and its progression to HCC by regulating miRNAs such as miR-455 and miR-511, lipogenesis, as well as p53/RB1, PI3K- AKT, and WNT pathways. Here, TSC2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.