AIF1 and Alzheimer disease: By detecting the expression of biomarkers including ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), the immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly increased numbers of activated microglia, astrocytes, and M1 macrophages in the hippocampus of HFD-induced AD mice compared to the control, whereas TBG096 treatment significantly reduced these markers (Figure 3G,H).