TNF and neoplasm: CAAs secrete chemokine ligands CCL2 and CCL5, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [101,102,103], and promote cell aggressiveness, tumor progression, migration, and chemotherapy resistance [104].