Specifically, further research could investigate the extent of SPD-to-SPM conversion in vivo using inhibitors of spermine synthase or genetic models, compare the distinct roles of SPD and SPM in cellular physiology and stress responses, employ high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify key pathways and molecular targets regulated by these polyamines, and evaluate the therapeutic potential of SPD and SPM in treating testicular dysfunction or infertility caused by oxidative stress or inflammation [14]. The gene discussed is SMS; the disease is Infertility.