Studies performed in murine ileal phosphatidylserine receptor 4 (TIM-4)+ macrophages showed that vitamin B12 deficiency upregulated ccl2, cxcl3, cxcl2, cxcl10, cx3cl1, Il1α, and il1β expression as well as icam1 and vcam1 [42]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and vitamin B12 deficiency.