Similar to prior reports, we found a weak but significant association between DM and low CN1 activity (Table 3), but the greatest differences were found to be in patients with severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF < 35%), which was strongly associated with lower CDR and CN1-specific activity (i.e., low carnosine metabolizers; see Figure 2 and Table 3). The gene discussed is CNDP1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.