In PBMCs from healthy individuals, α1-AR expression is low or undetectable [92,93,94,95,96]; however, in chronic inflammatory diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, PBMCs express α1-ARs, and stimulation with the α1-AR agonist phenylephrine enhances the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) [90,92]. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is juvenile idiopathic arthritis.