NAMPT and atherosclerosis: Unlike the intracellular form of Visfatin/NAMPT (iNAMPT), which plays a regulatory role in NAD+ biosynthesis and thereby affects many NAD-dependent proteins [e.g., sirtuins, poly ADP–ribose polymerases (PARPs), mono ADP–ribosyl transferases (MARTs), and ADP–ribosyl cyclases (CD38/157)], the extracellular form (eNAMPT) can upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in various types of cells, with potentially important effects on glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis [142,143].