In Libetta et al. study, the implementation of intermittent hemodiafiltration (HDF) in patients with refractory HF demonstrated significant removal of fluid, improved diuretic responsiveness, and significant reductions in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8-IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-MCP-1) [60]. Here, CCL2 is linked to hydrops fetalis.