The effects of TPPU on the expression of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecular 1 (IBA1) were compared in AD and WT rats using RNA sequencing, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (Figure 6). Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.