Although WT1-CTLs demonstrated cytotoxicity against multiple clinically relevant populations of AML cells, this study was designed to investigate a possible means of addressing the challenge of high leukemic burden that can reduce CTL efficacy – a significant barrier in prior clinical studies of ETC/TCR approaches for AML as well as for non-AML T-cell-based therapeutic approaches (such as for CD19 bispecific and CAR-T treatments) [13, 70, 71]. This evidence concerns the gene CD19 and acute myeloid leukemia.