VCAM1 and chronic prostatitis: Beyond cytokine production, NF-κB signaling promotes the upregulation of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which facilitate immune cell migration into prostatic tissue [30].This persistent recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils may exacerbate localized inflammation, leading to tissue remodeling and fibrosis, which are hallmarks of chronic prostatitis pathophysiology.