It was found that neonatal rat exposure to imidacloprid (IMD) resulted in male infertility by damaging the testicles, lowering testosterone production, and raising oxidative stress levels (Sardar et al. 2023), such lowering of testosterone levels occurs via degeneration of Leydig cells and reduction of their number (Lonare et al. 2016) or indirectly as an acetylcholine receptor agonist, it has a nicotine-like inhibitory activity on LH release from the pituitary gland (Mohamed et al. 2017; Abd-Elhakim et al. 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PLOD1 and male infertility.