No association was observed between any chemical and TPO and thyroglobulin (TG) autoantibodies; however, the presence of autoimmunity appears to modulate certain relationships between phthalate exposure and thyroid status, modifying the susceptibility to chemical exposure, although the small number of subjects positive for TPO and/or TG antibodies may have resulted in low statistical power [97]. The gene discussed is TPO; the disease is Autoimmunity.