Macrophages in the hepatic TME exhibit two distinct polarization states: M1 macrophages exhibit anti-tumor properties by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α, whereas M2 macrophages promote tumor progression by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β and enhancing angiogenesis. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.