Figure 4A,B shows typical examples, and Figure 4E,F summarizes the results. Figure 4C,D demonstrates that treatment with a high concentration of insulin-induced decrease in whole cells (Figure 4A–E) and nuclear-free glutathione (Figure 4A–D,F). This effect was highly significant (p < 0.0001) (Figure 4E,F). In addition, as shown in Figure 4A–F, hyperinsulinemia did not change the difference in volume, and its associated difference increased the level of whole cell and nuclear glutathione levels between VSMCs from men and women. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.