CDH1 and cancer: The biological characteristics of cancer cells include a larger, deformed nucleus with a perforated envelope, disorganized actin fibers, reduced E-cadherin expression, and increased phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in the outer membrane leaflet, making them more susceptible to graphene’s cytotoxic effects, while healthy cells, with stable membranes, remain unaffected or may even benefit from a regenerative stimulus [48].