TNF and inflammation: Notably, 200 mg/L HT reduced circulating TNF-α levels in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed broilers [80] and in a mouse model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation [81], and HT administration diminished serum TNF-α in apoE−/− mice together with a reduction in p38 MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation in liver [68].