This current study cannot support mechanistical conclusions or proof-of-concept for any causal or pathogenic involvement of BMMF in carcinogenesis, which must be assessed with prospective screening studies (including, e.g., serology) and/or models to test BMMF-specific tumor induction, utilizing, e.g., BMMF exposure in mouse models (e.g., with a mild baseline tumor induction, such as heterozygous Apc). The gene discussed is APC; the disease is neoplasm.