IRF5 and systemic lupus erythematosus: As reported by others, we found increased percentages of CD4+PD1+CXCR5+ Tfh cells in the circulation of SLE patients [9,10,11,12], with no apparent differences between IRF5 risk and non-risk carriers, although IRF5 expression was significantly upregulated in cTfh from both risk carriers and SLE patients.