Similarly, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK) expression was markedly increased in the GDM-I placentas compared to the GDM-D placentas (median and IQR values for GDM-I and GDMD groups were 11.2, 0.5, and 3.1, 0.3 respectively; p < 0.05), reinforcing the notion that insulin treatment induces a stronger metabolic response. This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.