TNF and neoplasm: TAMs secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, including TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-β), VEGF, IL-10 (Interleukin-10), and TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), which promote endothelial cell survival and proliferation, thereby supporting angiogenesis, tumor immunosuppression, and metastasis [31,32].