These cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), contribute to endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and renal impairment, all of which disrupt electrolyte homeostasis [74]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction.