SMAD1 and atherosclerosis: It also increases the uptake of oxLDL and the formation of foam cells by the ubiquitination of the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and the phosphorylation of the suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) family member 1/SMAD family member 2 (SMAD1/SMAD2), accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis [38,39].