TGFB1 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: In a study utilizing low-dose streptozotocin and a high-fat diet to induce diabetic cardiomyopathy, DCN therapy was evaluated, revealing that DCN overexpression exacerbated cardiac functional impairment but effectively mitigated fibrosis and inflammation through the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)/PKCα/Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and TGFβ1 pathways [148].