CA12 and cancer: As examples, CA-IX and/or CA-XII are elevated in, worsen survival, and contribute to malignancy grade in many cancers: acute myelogenous leukemia [159,160], bladder urothelial cancer [161,162,163,164,165,166], breast [167], esophageal [168,169], gastric [169,170], glioblastoma [171], hepatocellular [172], Hodgkin’s lymphoma [173], laryngeal [174], nasopharyngeal [175,176], non-small cell lung [177], oral squamous cell [178], osteosarcoma [179], pancreatic ductal [180], endometrium [148], and thyroid [181].