PTEN and cancer: In addition to ASD and neurodevelopmental conditions, PHTS studies have provided significant evidence that germline mutations in PTEN carry a much higher risk for several cancers when compared to the general population: breast (91%/13%), endometrial (48%/4.9%), thyroid (33%/1.5%), kidneys (30%/1.9%), colon (17%/5%), and skin (5%/2.1%) [25,26,30].