TNF and cancer: Cancer cells can reprogram astrocytes via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway by transferring 2′,3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-α (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [20].