AKT1 and hemoglobin measurement: Key signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of HB include Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, Notch, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met.