For instance, TMAO triggers NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activates NF-κB signaling, Caspase-1, the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway, and IL-1β, leading to increased renal fibrosis (El-Deeb et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020; Kapetanaki et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and renal fibrosis.