The CCL5-CCR5 axis inhibitor Malawijo confirmed that the removal of tumor cell-derived CCL5 diminished ERK1/2 signaling, leading to the inhibition of ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, as well as reducing the proportion of CAFs recruited by xenograft tumors (27). Here, CCR5 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.