CXCL1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Additionally, metformin inhibits CXCL1 secretion in ESCC cells and tumor xenografts by enhancing AMPK phosphorylation and inducing the expression of the cell fate determinant Dachshund homolog 1 (DACH1), which subsequently leads to NF-κB inhibition and reduced MDSC migration (68).