The hypoxic environment caused by TACE leads to overexpression of S100 calcium-binding protein A9, which forms trimers as a penta-glycine motif protein, triggers mitochondrial fission and ROS production through the deubiquitination and stabilization of PGAM5, and ultimately promotes the growth and metastasis of HCC (121). This evidence concerns the gene PGAM5 and hepatocellular carcinoma.