As a scaffold, S100A9 recruits ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 and phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) to form a trimer, causing deubiquitination and stabilization of PGAM5, leading to mitochondrial fission and reactive oxygen species production, thereby promoting HCC growth and metastasis. This evidence concerns the gene S100A9 and hepatocellular carcinoma.