For prostate cancer patients, a decreased miR-454 level in the blood in comparison with healthy individuals has been reported, which suggests a tumor suppressive role49, whereas other authors have reported an oncogenic function, e.g., higher miR-454 expression in recurrent and metastatic PCa than in primary PCa50, suppression of miR-454 inhibiting the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells via Wnt-β-catenin-NDRG2 signaling51, miR-454 promoting PCa metastasis [reviewed in 52], and miR-454 significantly upregulated in PCa compared with adjacent nonmalignant tissue53. This evidence concerns the gene NDRG2 and posterior cortical atrophy.