Besides, Passariello et al. (2012) reported a significant decrease in the concentrations of TNF alpha, a major mediator of inflammation, Calprotectin, one of the intracellular molecules most commonly found in macrophages and neutrophils, and hBD-2, a molecule widely found in the serum of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, was demonstrated in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, with a synchronous reduction in symptoms with an improvement in quality of life. Here, TNF is linked to chronic rhinosinusitis.