Trends toward decreased CX granzyme B+ or T-bet+ CD8+ T cell activation (Figure 6, B and C) may relate to the increased frequency of dysfunctional CD4+ Tconv cells observed (Figures 4 and 5), since functional CD4+ Tconv cells are known to enhance CD8+ T cell effector function (79), and in the context of BV, CD4+ Tconv cells appear to be diminished in function. Here, CD4 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.