Studies have shown that co-culture TANs with TAMs can produce higher levels of oncostatin M and IL-11, both of which activate STAT3 signaling in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC); Thereby enhancing the proliferation and invasion ability of ICC cells in vitro and tumor progression in the ICC mouse xenograft model (Zhou et al. 2021). Here, IL11 is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.