TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Exosomes released by hUC-MSCs were also shown to mitigate hepatocellular inflammation in Methionine-Choline Deficient (MCD) diet-induced MASH mice by downregulating pro-inflammatory macrophages and cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and facilitate the transition of macrophages into an anti-inflammatory state (75, 76).