In this ongoing, observational PPSDiab study, we used multicolor flow cytometry from (1) women after a normoglycemic pregnancy (n=45, ‘Ctrl’); (2) women with a history of GDM and without insulin treatment during pregnancy (n=33, ‘GDM’); and (3) women with a history of GDM and with insulin treatment during pregnancy (n=42, ‘GDMi’) to identify specific immunological alterations, including ILCs, in GDM at the baseline visit after delivery and the 5-year follow-up. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.