Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the baseline visit (Visit 1; 3 to 16 months after delivery) and the 5-year follow-up (Visit 2; 58-66 months after delivery) were available from 45 control participants after a normoglycemic pregnancy (Ctrl group), 33 patients with a history of GDM and without insulin treatment during pregnancy (GDM group), and 42 patients with a history of GDM with insulin treatment during pregnancy (GDMi group). This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.