PTGS2 and breast cancer: For instance, p38α regulates the induction of the pro-inflammatory mediator Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which may contribute to cancer progression in various cancers, including non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, and glioma (Bachelor and Bowden, 2004; Timoshenko et al., 2006; Xu and Shu, 2007).