For example, it has been found that PTEN dephosphorylates transcription factor EB (TFEB) at Ser211, and defects in PTEN lead to decreased lysosomal-mediated degradation of multivesicular vesicles and increased secretion of exosomes, which promote the proliferation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (Jiang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and cholangiocarcinoma.