TFEB and cholangiocarcinoma: For example, it has been found that PTEN dephosphorylates transcription factor EB (TFEB) at Ser211, and defects in PTEN lead to decreased lysosomal-mediated degradation of multivesicular vesicles and increased secretion of exosomes, which promote the proliferation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (Jiang et al., 2023).