Therefore, strategies aimed at regulating microglial activation mediated by T cells and controlling the secretion of cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CXCL10) by microglia are essential for mitigating excessive neuroinflammation and managing neurodegenerative pathology, particularly in AD. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.